- Reference
- Bot.Mag. 61:Tab.3361 (1834)
- Conservation Code
- Not threatened
- Naturalised Status
- Alien to Western Australia
- Name Status
- Current
Herb, 0.1-0.6 m high. Fl. yellow, Jan to Dec. White sand. Coastal dunes, roadsides.
Distribution
- IBRA Regions
- Carnarvon, Esperance Plains, Geraldton Sandplains, Swan Coastal Plain, Warren.
- IBRA Subregions
- Geraldton Hills, Lesueur Sandplain, Perth, Recherche, Warren, Wooramel.
- IMCRA Regions
- Central West Coast, Leeuwin-Naturaliste.
- Local Government Areas (LGAs)
- Bunbury, Busselton, Cambridge, Canning, Cockburn, Cottesloe, Dandaragan, Esperance, Fremantle, Gosnells, Irwin, Joondalup, Mandurah, Manjimup, Mosman Park, Nedlands, Northampton, Rockingham, Shark Bay, South Perth, Stirling, Wanneroo.
Management Notes (for the Swan NRM Region)
Alternative Names. Cut-leaf Evening Primrose, Beach Primrose.
General Biology. Growth form. Herb. Life form. Perennial. Reproduction. Seed. Seedbank persistence. Up to 80 years.
Notes. Mat-forming, secondary sand stabiliser that readily spreads by seed into dune areas. Common in the Perth metropolitan area. Germinates in both light and dark conditions. The colour and shape of flowers change due to senescence, pollination and/or nectar withdrawal.
Additional information. Origin. North America. Similar exotic species. Oenothera stricta, O. glazioviana, O. mollissima.
Suggested method of management and control. Control in seedling stage, as older plants resistant to herbicide. Relatively resistant to glyphosate. Hand remove small populations in areas not susceptible to erosion. Spot spray chlorsulfuron 0.4 g/10 L + spray oil. Read the manufacturers' labels and material safety data sheets before using herbicides. For further information consult the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority to determine the status of permits for your situation or state.
Management Calendar
| Calendar Type | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Growth | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | ||||||
| Germination | U | U | U | ||||||||||
| Flowering | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | Y | Y | Y | Can flower throughout the year |
| Fruiting | Y | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | Y | Y | |
| Manual Removal | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| Herbicide Treatment | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Legend: Y = Yes, regularly, O = Occasionally, U = Uncertain, referred by others but not confirmed.
References
- Beach Protection Authority Queensland and Environmental Protection Authority (Undated) Coastal sand dunes - their vegetation and management, descriptions of major dune plants: Beach primrose (Oenothera drummondii). Leaflet IV-05. Queensland Government URL: http://tinyurl.com/nq4p2h8 - Accessed November 2015.
- Bell, D.T. (1993) The effects of light quality on germination of eight species from sandy habitats in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 41 (3): 321-326.
- Bromilow, C. (1995) Problem plants in South Africa. Briza Publications, Arcadia, South Africa.
- Brown, K. & Brooks, K. (2002) Bushland Weeds: A Practical Guide to their Management. Environmental Weeds Action Network, Greenwood.
- Burnside, O.G., Wilson, R.G., Sanford Weisberg, S. & Hubbard, K.G. (1996) Seed longevity of 41 weed species buried 17 years in Eastern and Western Nebraska. Weed Science, 44: 74-86.
- Culpepper, A.S., Carlson, D.S. & York, A.C. (2005) Pre-plant control of cutleaf eveningprimrose (Oenothera drummondii Hill) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) in conservation tillage cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Cotton Science, 9: 223-228.
- Eisikowitch, D. & Lazar, Z. (2008) Flower change in Oenothera drummondii Hooker as a response to pollinators' visits. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 95 (2): 101 - 111.
- Hussey, B.M.J., Keighery, G.J., Dodd, J., Lloyd, S.G. & Cousens, R.D. (2007) Western Weeds. A guide to the weeds of Western Australia. 2nd Edition. The Plant Protection Society of Western Australia, Victoria Park.
- Moore, C.B. & Moore, J.H. (2002) Herbiguide, the pesticide expert on a disk. Herbiguide, PO Box 44 Albany, Western Australia, 6330.
- Moore, J.H. & Wheeler, J. (2008) Southern weeds and their control. DAFWA Bulletin 4744.
- Rippey, E. & Rowland, B. (2004) Coastal plants: Perth and the South West Region. University of Western Australia Press, Crawley.
- Swarbrick, J.T. & Skarratt, D.B. (1994) The bushweed 2 database of environmental weeds in Australia. The University of Queensland, Gatton College.