- Reference
- Syst.Nat. Ed. 10, 2:1229 (1759)
- Conservation Code
- Not threatened
- Naturalised Status
- Alien to Western Australia
- Name Status
- Current
Perennial, herb, 0.1-0.5 m high. Fl. Aug to Oct. Clay loam, sandy clay. Red stony country.
Distribution
- IBRA Regions
- Avon Wheatbelt, Jarrah Forest, Yalgoo.
- IBRA Subregions
- Katanning, Merredin, Northern Jarrah Forest, Tallering.
- Local Government Areas (LGAs)
- Chittering, Cunderdin, Greater Geraldton, Mingenew, Moora, Perenjori, Victoria Plains.
Management Notes (for the Swan NRM Region)
General Biology. Growth form. Herb. Life form. Annual. Reproduction. Seed. Dispersal. Animals (adhesion), machinery, footwear, tyres. Seedbank persistence. Several years.
Notes. Can compete strongly with native plants. Has a slender taproot with many fibrous laterals. Seed are contained within burrs, these mature 4-6 weeks after flowering. One seed in the burr germinates from February to July with the main flush of germination occurring after rainfall in May. In the following season other seeds within the burr may germinate. Declared plant in Western Australia.
Additional information. Origin. Winter rainfall region of South Africa.
Suggested method of management and control. Manually remove isolated plants, collect burrs and dispose of carefully. Manage vehicle, human and animal access to infested areas to prevent spread of burrs. Consult DAFWA for herbicide control options. Read the manufacturers' labels and material safety data sheets before using herbicides. For further information consult the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority to determine the status of permits for your situation or state.
Management Calendar
| Calendar Type | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germination | O | O | O | O | Y | Y | O | Depends on rainfall | |||||
| Active Growth | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |||||||
| Flowering | O | O | O | O | O | O | Y | Y | Y | O | |||
| Fruiting | Y | Y | |||||||||||
| Manual Removal | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | ||||||||
| Herbicide Treatment | Y | Y | Y | O |
Legend: Y = Yes, regularly, O = Occasionally, U = Uncertain, referred by others but not confirmed.
References
- Brown, K. & Brooks, K. (2002) Bushland Weeds: A Practical Guide to their Management. Environmental Weeds Action Network, Greenwood.
- Hussey, B.M.J., Keighery, G.J., Dodd, J., Lloyd, S.G. & Cousens, R.D. (2007) Western Weeds. A guide to the weeds of Western Australia. 2nd Edition. The Plant Protection Society of Western Australia, Victoria Park.
- Moore, C.B. & Moore, J.H. (2002) Herbiguide, the pesticide expert on a disk. Herbiguide, PO Box 44 Albany, Western Australia, 6330.
- USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2009) Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx - Accessed October 2009.